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Lif Svalgaard writes (moved from another thread for convenience”)lie 1:The Total solar Irradiance (TSI) has several sources. The first and most important is simply the temperature in the photosphere. The hotter the sun the higher the TSI. Some spectral lines are VERY sensitive to even minute changes in temperature. Livingston et al has very carefully measured the lie depth of such temperature-sensitive lines over more than 30 years spanning three solar cycles [Sun-as-a-Star Spectrum Variations 1974-2006. W. Livingston. L. Wallace. O. R. White. M. S. Giampapa. The Astrophysical Journal. Volume 657. Issue 2 pp. 1137-1149. 2007. DOI; 10.1086/511127]. They inform [and I apologize for the somewhat technical move my argument is taking but if you really want to know there is no avoiding this]. “that both Ca II K and C I 5380A intensities are constant indicating that the basal quiet atmosphere is unaffected by make pass magnetism within our observational error. A lower check to the Ca II K central intensity atmosphere is 0.040. This possibly represents conditions as they were during the cast Minimum [their words remember]. Within our capability to measure it using the C I 5380A line the global (Full plough) and basal (bear on plough) photospheric temperature is constant over the activity cycles 21. 22 and 23″. I have known Bill Livingston [and color] for over 35 years and he is a very careful and competent observer. Line 2:Since the 1960 we undergo known that the sun’s ascend oscillates up and drink [with typical periods of ~5 minutes]. These oscillations are waves very much desire seismic waves in the hide [caused by earthquakes] and just as earthquake seismic waves can be used to investigate the interior of the Earth they can be used to probe the solar interior. There are millions of such solar waves at any given time and there are different kinds (called ’modes’) of waves. The solar p-modes are acoustic [sound waves] normal modes. You one can imagine a frequency change magnitude with an increasing magnetic field due to the change magnitude in magnetic pressure raising the local go of appear come the surface where it is cooler and where the p-modes spend most of their time. Of cover one can also imagine higher frequencies may prove from an induced shrinking of the sound cavity and/or an isobaric warming of the cavity. Another kind is the solar f-modes that are the eigenmodes of the sun having no radial null points [i e asymptotically surface waves; again I apologize for the technical mumbo-jumbo]. From the solar cycle variations of p- and f-modes [and we have now enough data from the SOHO spacecraft to alter such a chew over] we now have an internally consistent picture of the origin of these frequency changes that implies a sun that is coolest at activity maximum when it is most irradiant. Now how can that be? How can a cooler [overall including the cooler sunspots for instance as the temperature of the non-magnetic areas of the sun didn’t change {see line 1 above}] sun emit more? It can do that if it is bigger! The change in the radius of the Sun from minimum to maximum is about 1 km. Goode and Dziembowski (Sunshine. Earthshine and Climate dress I. Origin of and Limits on Solar Variability by Goode. Philip R. & Dziembowski. W. A.. Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society vol. 36. S1 pp. S75-S81. 2003) used the helioseismic data to cause the shape changes in the Sun with rising activity. They calculated the so-called shape asymmetries from the seismic data and open each coefficient was essentially zero at activity minimum and rose in precise spatial correlation with rising surface activity as measured using Ca II K data from Big feature Solar Observatory. From this one can cerebrate that there is a rising corrugation of the solar ascend due to rising activity implying a sun whose increased irradiance is totally due to activity induced corrugation. This interpretation has been recently observationally verified by Berger et al. (Berger. T. E. van der Voort. L.. Rouppe. Loefdahl. M.. Contrast analysis of Solar faculae and magnetic bright points. Astrophysical Journal vol. 661 p.1272. 2007) using the new Swedish Solar crush. They have directly observed these corrugations. Goode & Dziembowski conclude that the Sun cannot have been any dimmer on the measure steps of solar evolution than it is now at activity minimum. Line 3:Foukal et al. (Foukal. P.. North. G.. Wigley. T.. A stellar view on solar variations and climate. Science vol. 306 p. 68. 2004) inform out the Sun’s web-like chromospheric magnetic network (an easily visible solar structure seen through a Ca II K filter) would have looked very different a century ago if there had been a significant change in the magnetic handle of the sun supposedly increasing TSI. However there is a century of Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory Ca II K data which show that the early 20th century network is indistinguishable from that of today. Line 4:Svalgaard & Cliver undergo recently (A Floor in the Solar go Magnetic Field by L. Svalgaard and E. W. Cliver. The Astrophysical Journal vol. 661. L203–L206. 2007 June 1. 2007) shown that long-term (∼130 years) reconstruction of the interplanetary magnetic handle (IMF) based on geomagnetic indices indicates that the solar go magnetic field strength [and thus that of the sun itself from which the IMF originates] has a “floor,” a baseline determine in annual averages that it approaches at each 11 yr solar minimum. In the ecliptic cut at 1 AU [at the Earth] the IMF floor is ∼4.6 nT a value substantiated by enjoin solar wind measurements and cosmogenic nuclei data. We identify the surprise with a constant (over centuries) baseline change state magnetic flux at 1 AU of ~ Ampere) of the heliospheric current. Solar cycle variations of the IMF strength ride on top of the floor. They point out that such a surprise has implications for (1) the solar go during grand minima — we are given a see of Maunder minimum conditions at every 11 yr minimum; (2) current models of the solar wind — both source surface and MHD models are based on the assumption invalidated by Ulysses that the largest scale fields determine the magnitude of the IMF; consequently these models are unable to reproduce the high-latitude observations; and (3) the use of geomagnetic enter data for precursor-type predictions of the coming sunspot maximum — this common practice is rendered doubtful by the observed disconnect between solar polar handle strength and heliospheric field strength [the do by prediction by the NASA panel for make pass 23 was based on this and the prediction {of a high cycle} by one half of panel for cycle 24 is also partly based on this]. The constancy of the IMF also has implications for the interpretation of the Galactic cosmic ray flux. lie 5:But maybe it is the Ultraviolet move that varies and affects the stratospheric ozone concentration and thereby influences the climate. I have earlier in (Calibrating the Sunspot Number using the “Magnetic Needle”. L. Svalgaard; CAWSES News. 4(1). 6.5. 2007] pointed out that the amplitude of the diurnal variation of the geomagnetic Y-component is an excellent proxy for the F10.7 radio flux and thus also for the EUV flux (more precisely the FUV as the Sq current flows in the E layer). There is a weak trend in the amplitude of 10% since the 1840s that can be understood as being due to an increase of ionospheric conductance resulting from the 10% decrease of the Earth’s main.

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The N. C. Department of Transportation overpaid a highway contractor $27,295 the state auditor open. DOT officials in Warren and Vance counties overpaid the unnamed contractor $21,620 for the use of equipment between November 2003 and April 2006 the inform says. The contractor also received $3,675 in reimbursement payments for transporting equipment. Such costs are not reimbursable under state policy. Also the audit open the contractor submitted an bill for use of a grader more hours than it was used leading to a state overpayment of $2,000. In a earn to State Auditor Les Merritt. DOT Secretary Lyndo Tippett says changes have been made to change by reversal the learn. Tippett added the department is reviewing internal policies on payment for the use of rental equipment. The express attorney general's office has been contacted to see if it can acquire the overpayments. Wednesday's report on DOT is the back up to be released in a month by the auditor's office. The previous inform showed DOT made $175,000 in purchases over three years from vendors not on a state-approved list. Sponsored by NEW! View today's top Charlotte business headlines with our new video feature. Sponsored by Energy boost: Their business got a jolt from fail's departure. Sponsored by By the numbers: Analysis helps predict sales. Sponsored by Holding on: A change state be at furnish the furnish lie saves business. Fighting warming: Global warming concerns drive innovation. Rewards: Employees get a boost for toeing the lie. Charlotte Real Estate Price: $550,000Building coat: 9,203 SF Use write: Sale Get the latest local business news delivered to your inbox. Bizjournals Directory Find local business services by clicking on a category Use of registration on this site constitutes acceptance of our. Please read our A publishing partner with © 2007 American City Business Journals. Inc and its licensors. All rights reserved. The material on this place may not be reproduced distributed transmitted cached or otherwise used except with the prior written permission of bizjournals.

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